Role of turbulent kinetic energy modulation by particle–fluid interaction in sediment pick-up

Reliable prediction of the erosion rate sediment beds is important for many applications in coastal and river engineering. Theoretical understanding empirically derived scaling relations still lacking. This applies particular anomaly between low high Shields number conditions. In this work, process studied from perspective phase-averaged turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) equations. The multi-phase TKE equations are written a form that allows direct comparison with equation appears stratified single-phase flow under Boussinesq approximation. reveals next to buoyancy destruction, several other modulation mechanisms become at numbers concentrations. Two laws both moderate numbers, tested against wide range experimental data.